The article addresses the issue of preserving the national interests and ensuring the economic security of the Russian Federation amid the transformation of the geopolitical space, which is accompanied by increased external challenges and attempts by the countries of the collective West to maintain world leadership. It is proved that in the current circumstances, the priority areas are the formation of partnerships with new centers of influence, the protection of national interests and the implementation of Russia's domestic policy aimed at reducing dependence on external factors. The tools for countering threats to economic security (diversification of foreign economic relations, development of alternative logistics routes, strengthening settlement and payment infrastructure, and technological sovereignty) are summarized. The transition from a unipolar model of the world order to a multipolar one is justified, in which the economic security of the Russian Federation is ensured by the diversification of foreign economic relations and participation in alternative integration platforms. The key external challenges have been identified; and the basic components of economic security and the tasks of ensuring it at the institutional and regional levels have been particularized.