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<journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Shadow Economy</journal-id>
<journal-title-group>
<journal-title xml:lang="en">Shadow Economy</journal-title>
<trans-title-group xml:lang="ru">
<trans-title>Теневая экономика</trans-title>
</trans-title-group>
</journal-title-group>
<issn publication-format="print">2541-7681</issn>
<publisher>
<publisher-name xml:lang="en">BIBLIO-GLOBUS Publishing House</publisher-name>
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<article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">126224</article-id>
<article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18334/tek.10.2.126224</article-id>
<article-id custom-type="edn" pub-id-type="custom">LSCRKE</article-id>
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<subject>Articles</subject>
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<subject>Статьи</subject>
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<subj-group subj-group-type="article-type">
<subject>Research Article</subject>
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<title-group>
<article-title xml:lang="en">Теневая экономика и незаконные финансовые потоки: особенности оценки на основе показателей торговли</article-title>
<trans-title-group xml:lang="ru">
<trans-title>The shadow economy and illicit financial flows: evidence of visibility bias in trade-based measurement</trans-title>
</trans-title-group>
</title-group>
<contrib-group>
<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8889-9425</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">3302-5509</contrib-id>
<name-alternatives>
<name xml:lang="en">
<surname>Maga</surname>
<given-names>Anastasia Aleksandrovna</given-names>
</name>
<name xml:lang="ru">
<surname>Мага</surname>
<given-names>Анастасия Александровна</given-names>
</name>
</name-alternatives>
<bio xml:lang="ru">
<p>Научный Сотрудник, PhD</p>
</bio>
<email>anastasia.maga@sei.org</email>
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<contrib contrib-type="author">
<contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3984-2825</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">3181-7939</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">57203317720</contrib-id>
<name-alternatives>
<name xml:lang="en">
<surname>Batozhargalova</surname>
<given-names>Zhargal Bairovna</given-names>
</name>
<name xml:lang="ru">
<surname>Батожаргалова</surname>
<given-names>Жаргал Баировна</given-names>
</name>
</name-alternatives>
<bio xml:lang="ru">
<p>Научный сотрудник, кандидат экономических наук, доцент</p>
</bio>
<email>tzhargal@list.ru</email>
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<aff>
<institution xml:lang="en">Stockholm Environment Institute</institution>
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<aff>
<institution xml:lang="ru">Стокгольмский институт экологических исследований</institution>
</aff>
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        <aff-alternatives id="aff2">
<aff>
<institution xml:lang="en">Institute of Economic Research of the Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences</institution>
</aff>
<aff>
<institution xml:lang="ru">Институт экономических исследований Дальневосточного отделения Российской академии наук</institution>
</aff>
</aff-alternatives>        
        
<pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-06-30" publication-format="print">
<day>30</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2026</year>
</pub-date>
<volume>10</volume>
<issue>2</issue>
<issue-title xml:lang="en">VOL 10, NO2 (2026)</issue-title>
<issue-title xml:lang="ru">ТОМ 10, №2 (2026)</issue-title>
<fpage>377</fpage>
<lpage>406</lpage>
<history>
<date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2026-05-11">
<day>11</day>
<month>05</month>
<year>2026</year>
</date>
<date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2026-06-11">
<day>11</day>
<month>06</month>
<year>2026</year>
</date>
</history>

<permissions>
<copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, Maga A.A., Batozhargalova Zh.B.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, Мага А.А., Батожаргалова Ж.Б.</copyright-statement>
<copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
<copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Maga A.A., Batozhargalova Zh.B.</copyright-holder>
<copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Мага А.А., Батожаргалова Ж.Б.</copyright-holder>
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<self-uri xlink:href="https://1economic.ru/lib/126224">https://1economic.ru/lib/126224</self-uri>
<abstract xml:lang="en"><p>In this paper, we examine the cross-country relationship between the shadow economy and illicit financial flows (IFFs), as measured through trade misinvoicing. Following the methodological guidance of the UNCTAD/UNODC Conceptual Framework for the statistical measurement of IFFs under SDG indicator 16.4.1 a panel dataset of 225 country-year observations was constructed by combining Partner Country Method (PCM) estimates of bilateral trade discrepancies with shadow economy estimates from the EY Currency Demand Approach, the Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI) of Transparency International, and macroeconomic indicators sourced from the World Development Indicators of the World Bank. Pooled OLS estimation with a year dummy and cluster-robust standard errors (clustered at the country level) was employed; the specification was supplemented by non-parametric cluster bootstrap inference. Results show that economies with larger shadow economies are associated with significantly lower levels of detected trade misinvoicing relative to GDP, while corruption is independently associated with higher detected IFFs. The preferred model specification explains 31% of the variation in log(IFFs/GDP); under the alternative per-capita normalisation, the share of explained variation rises to 81%. The negative relationship between the shadow economy and IFFs is seen as evidence of a so-called visibility bias: the method can capture misinvoicing only within recorded formal trade, whereas in economies with large shadow sectors, a greater proportion of illicit cross-border transactions is conducted through informal channels that remain under the radar of customs data. The implications of these findings for the design of counter-IFF policies, and for the interpretation of trade-based IFF estimates within the SDG 16.4.1 monitoring framework, are discussed.</p>
</abstract>
<trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>В статье рассматривается межстрановая взаимосвязь между теневой экономикой и теневыми финансовыми потоками, измеряемую на основе торговой статистики. В соответствии с методологическими рекомендациями ЮНКТАД/УНП ООН для статистического измерения в соответствии с показателем ЦУР 16.4.1 был создан набор панельных данных, включающий данные из 225 наблюдений, путем объединения оценок расхождений в двусторонней торговле по методу стран-партнеров с оценками теневой экономики, основанными на подходе к спросу на валюту и индексе восприятия коррупции. Использованы макроэкономические показатели Всемирного банка мирового развития. Была использована объединенная оценка; спецификация была дополнена непараметрическим выводом начальной загрузки кластера. Результаты показывают, что страны с более масштабной теневой экономикой связаны со значительно более низким уровнем выявленных случаев нарушений в торговле по отношению к ВВП, в то время как коррупция связана с более высоким уровнем выявленных отклонений от нормы. Модель демонстрирует 31% различий, а при альтернативном расчете на душу населения доля отклонений возрастает до 81%. Отрицательная взаимосвязь между теневой экономикой и нелегальными финансовыми потоками рассматривается как свидетельство так называемого искажения видимости, этот метод позволяет выявлять ложные данные только в рамках зарегистрированной официальной торговли, в то время как в странах с крупными теневыми секторами большая доля незаконных трансграничных операций осуществляется по неофициальным каналам, которые остаются вне поля зрения международных органов.</p>
</trans-abstract>
<kwd-group xml:lang="en">
<kwd>illicit financial flows; shadow economy; trade misinvoicing; Partner Country Method (PCM); SDG 16.4.1; corruption; mirror statistics</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru">
<kwd>illicit financial flows; shadow economy; trade misinvoicing; Partner Country Method (PCM); SDG 16.4.1; corruption; mirror statistics</kwd></kwd-group>
</article-meta>
</front>
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