Journal of Central Asia Economy Journal of Central Asia Economy Экономика Центральной Азии 2542-0607 BIBLIO-GLOBUS Publishing House 123686 10.18334/asia.9.3.123686 FRBTYU Articles Статьи Research Article Трудовая миграция — социальное неравенство и разрушение семейных отношений: Опыт Китая Labor Migration – Social Inequality and Disruption of Family Relationships: The Chinese Experience https://orcid.org/0009-0004-7531-8096 Ахмедова Шахнозахон Дилшодбек Akhmedova Shakhnozakhon Dilshodbek

докторант кафедры «социология»

 a.shaxnoza@nuu.uz National University of Uzbekistan named after Mirzo Ulugbek Национальный университет Узбекистана им. Мирзо Улугбека 30 09 2025 9 3 VOL 9, NO3 (2025) ТОМ 9, №3 (2025) 271 294 16 06 2025 16 08 2025 Copyright ©; 2025, Ахмедова Ш.Д. Copyright ©; 2025, Akhmedova Sh.D. 2025 Ахмедова Ш.Д. Akhmedova Sh.D. https://1economic.ru/lib/123686

В этой статье рассматривается значительное увеличение внутренней трудовой миграции в Китайской Народной Республике в связи с введением системы «Хукоу» и ее влияние на семьи, оставшиеся без кормильцев. Семья — это социальный институт, на который миграция оказывает глубокое влияние, поскольку отъезд одного из членов семьи часто нарушает внутрисемейные отношения. Крайне важно учитывать как положительные, так и отрицательные последствия для оставшихся членов семьи, когда один или несколько членов семьи уезжают. Когда родители уезжают, дети могут испытывать эмоциональное напряжение, недостаток внимания и заботы, что может привести к задержке развития и формированию вредных привычек. С другой стороны, на женщин часто ложится дополнительная ответственность в отсутствие мужей. Физическое и психологическое напряжение, а также финансовые трудности ещё больше усложняют жизнь женщин. Такой дисбаланс в семейных отношениях негативно сказывается на стабильности семей. Поэтому вместо внедрения ограничительных государственных систем важно продвигать правительственные и неправительственные проекты, которые поддерживают эти социально уязвимые семьи, помогая им преодолевать кризисные ситуации. Этот опыт, накопленный Китайской Народной Республикой, также играет важную роль в экономике и политике стран, вовлечённых в миграционные процессы. Мы считаем, что необходимо сделать выводы из этого опыта и принять во внимание проведение реформ в сфере государственного управления, особенно с учётом того, что страны Центральной Азии являются крупным регионом, откуда массово уезжают мигранты.

This article explores the significant increase in domestic labor migration in the People’s Republic of China due to the implementation of the “Hukou” system, examining its effects on families left behind. The family is a social institution profoundly impacted by migration, as the departure of one family member often disrupts intra-family relationships. It is crucial to consider both positive and negative effects on the remaining family members when one or more family members migrate. When parents migrate, children may experience emotional dissatisfaction, lack of supervision, and inadequate physical and psychological care, which can lead to developmental delays and susceptibility to harmful habits. Women, on the other hand, are often burdened with additional responsibilities in the absence of their husbands. Physical, mental pressures, and financial difficulties further complicate women's lifestyles. Such imbalances in family-marital relations negatively affect the stability of families. Therefore, rather than implementing restrictive state systems, it is essential to promote government and non-government projects that support these socially vulnerable families, helping them overcome crises. This experience experienced by the people's Republic of China also plays an important role in the economy and politics of the countries involved in migration. We believe that it is necessary to draw conclusions from this experience and take into account the implementation of reforms in public administration, especially since the countries of Central Asia are a migrant sending area in a large stream.

 система хукоу трудовая миграция брошенные женщины брошенные дети миграция родителей социальное неравенство китайское общество сельский хукоу городской хукоу Hukou system labor migration left-behind women left-behind children parental migration social inequality Chinese society Rural Hukou Urban Hukou 1. World Migration Report 2024. International Organization for Migration. [Электронный ресурс]. URL: https://worldmigrationreport.iom.int/msite/wmr-2024-interactive. 2. Das P. Consequences of nepalese youth migration to overseas for foreign employment // Jurnal Sosiologi Nusantara. – 2020. – № 1. – p. 23-30. – doi: 10.33369/jsn.6.1.23-30. 3. De Haas H. Mediterranean migration futures: Patterns, drivers and scenarios // Global Environmental Change. – 2011. – № 1. – p. S59–S69. – doi: 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2011.09.003. 4. Adhikari J., Rai M. K., Baral C., Subedi M. Labour Migration from Nepal: Trends and Explanations. IMISCOE Research Series. [Электронный ресурс]. URL: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-031-34194-6_5. 5. Kuhnt J. Literature review: drivers of migration. Why do people leave their homes? Is there an easy answer? A structured overview of migratory determinants. RePEc: Research Papers in Economics. [Электронный ресурс]. URL: https://www.idos-research.de/discussion-paper/article/literature-review-drivers-of-migration-why-do-people-leave-their-homes-is-there-an-easy-answer-a-structured-overview-of-migratory-determinants/. 6. National Bureau of Statistics of China. Nationwide Total Number and Monthly Income of Rural Migrant Workers. Data.stats.gov.cn. [Электронный ресурс]. URL: https://data.stats.gov.cn/english/easyquery.htm?cn=C01. 7. Kuang L., Liu L. Discrimination against Rural-to-Urban Migrants: The Role of the Hukou System in China // PLoS ONE. – 2012. – № 11. – p. e46932. – doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0046932. 8. Maurer-Fazio M., Connelly R., Ngoc-Han T.T. Do negative Native-Place stereotypes lead to discriminatory wage penalties in China’s migrant labor markets?. Hand. [Электронный ресурс]. URL: https://hdl.handle.net/10419/108724. 9. Li C. China´s Internal and International Migration. - London: Routledge, 2013. – 320 p. 10. Wahab A. The outbreak of covid-19 in malaysia: pushing migrant workers at the margin // Social Sciences amp; Humanities Open. – 2020. – № 1. – p. 100073. – doi: 10.1016/j.ssaho.2020.100073. 11. Kulla G., Appoh L., Sarvimäki A. The integration experiences of older finnish re-migrants: ‘embraced by the swedes … but finland is my home country’ // Social Sciences amp; Humanities Open. – 2024. – p. 100905. – doi: 10.1016/j.ssaho.2024.100905. 12. Cheng Z., Nielsen I.L., Smyth R.L. Determinants of wage arrears and implications for the socio-economic wellbeing of China’s migrant workers: evidence from Guangdong province. / In book: Handbook of Chinese Migration: Identity and Wellbeing. Chapter: 5. - Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing, 2015. – 105-125 p. 13. Bella G., Mattana P., Venturi B. Stabilization of chaotic dynamics emerging in an economy with international labor migration // Social Sciences amp; Humanities Open. – 2024. – p. 101067. – doi: 10.1016/j.ssaho.2024.101067. 14. Chen M., Sun X. Future Orientation and School Bonding among Left-Behind Children in Mainland China. / In book: Chinese migration and families at risk. - Cambridge: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2015. 15. Gao S., Xue J. Future Orientation and School Bonding among Left-Behind Children in Mainland China. / In book: Chinese migration and families at risk. - Cambridge: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2015. 16. Li M., Pu Y., Xu B., Wu Sh. How do the identities of ethnic and left-behind children influence their depression? Evidence from ethnic minority areas of Sichuan Province, China // Heliyon. – 2016. – № 9. – c. e20169. – doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e20169. 17. Sun X., Chen M. Inequality in Educational Opportunities of Migrant Children in China. / In book: Chinese migration and families at risk. - Cambridge: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2015. 18. Gustafsson B., Sai D. China’s urban poor – Comparing twice poverty between residents and migrants in 2013 and 2018 // China Economic Review. – 2023. – p. 102012. – doi: 10.1016/j.chieco.2023.102012. 19. Lei X., Strauss J., Tian M., Zhao Y. Living arrangements of the elderly in China: evidence from the CHARLS national baseline // China Economic Journal. – 2015. – № 3. – p. 191-205. – doi: 10.1080/17538963.2015.1102473. 20. Kroeber A.R. China’s economy: What Everyone Needs to Know. - Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016. – 336 p. 21. Carroll H.A., Kvietok A., Pauschardt Ju., Freier L.F., Bird M. Prevalence of common mental health disorders in forcibly displaced populations versus labor migrants by migration phase: A meta-analysis // Journal of Affective Disorders. – 2022. – p. 279-289. – doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2022.10.010. 22. Alegría M., Álvarez K., DiMarzio K. Immigration and mental health // Current Epidemiology Reports. – 2017. – № 2. – p. 145-155. – doi: 10.1007/s40471-017-0111-2. 23. Lei L. The Patriarchal Trap: The village wives left behind amid Chinese Rural–Urban migration // SAGE Open. – 2023. – № 1. – p. 215824402211442. – doi: 10.1177/21582440221144245. 24. Aslany M., Carling J., Mjelva M. B., Sommerfelt T. Systematic review of determinants of migration aspirations // Changes. – 2021. – № 1(18). – p. 21-26. 25. Feng D., Zhu H., Wang Y. Agency and mobility in the context of development-induced migration: the case of Three Gorges out-migrants // Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies. – 2021. – № 12. – p. 2745-2759. – doi: 10.1080/1369183X.2020.1739375. 26. Chen J., Wang W. Economic incentives and settlement intentions of rural migrants: Evidence from China // Journal of Urban Affairs. – 2018. – № 3. – c. 372-389. – doi: 10.1080/07352166.2018.1439339. 27. Wang Z. Beyond displacement – exploring the variegated social impacts of urban redevelopment // Urban Geography. – 2020. – № 5. – p. 703-712. – doi: 10.1080/02723638.2020.1734373. 28. Wu F., Logan J. Do rural migrants ‘float’ in urban China? Neighbouring and neighbourhood sentiment in Beijing // Urban Studies. – 2016. – № 14. – p. 2973-2990. – doi: 10.1177/0042098015598745. 29. Wang Z., Zhang F., Wu F. Intergroup neighbouring in urban China: Implications for the social integration of migrants // Urban Studies. – 2016. – № 4. – p. 651-668. – doi: 10.1177/0042098014568068. 30. Jiang Y., Waley P., Gonzalez S. ‘Nice apartments, no jobs’: How former villagers experienced displacement and resettlement in the western suburbs of Shanghai // Urban Studies. – 2018. – № 14. – p. 3202-3217. – doi: 10.1177/0042098017740246. 31. Wang Z., Zhang F., Wu F. The contribution of intergroup neighbouring to community participation: Evidence from Shanghai // Urban Studies. – 2020. – № 6. – p. 1224-1242. – doi: 10.1177/0042098019830899. 32. Du H., Song J., Li Si.M. ‘Peasants are peasants’: Prejudice against displaced villagers in newly-built urban neighbourhoods in China // Urban Studies. – 2021. – № 8. – p. 1598-1614. – doi: 10.1177/0042098020911876. 33. Liu S. Neighbourhoods in shaping migrant integration: A study of peri-urban Beijing // Transactions in Planning and Urban Research. – 2023. – № 4. – p. 394-415. – doi: 10.1177/27541223231212483. 34. Wu W., Wang G. Together but Unequal: Citizenship Rights for Migrants and Locals in Urban China // Urban Affairs Review. – 2014. – № 6. – p. 781-805. – doi: 10.1177/1078087413518172. 35. Zhang X., Zhou J. Place of origin, education, and the career development plights of the suburban migrant workers in Zhejiang manufacturing industry // Transactions in Planning and Urban Research. – 2023. – № 4. – p. 332-348. – doi: 10.1177/27541223231216650. 36. Weine S., Muzurovic N., Kulauzovic Y., Besic S., Lezic A., Mujagic A., Muzurovic J., Spahovic D., Feetham S., Ware N., Knafl K., Pavkovic I. Family consequences of refugee trauma // Family Process. – 2004. – № 2. – p. 147-160. – doi: 10.1111/j.1545-5300.2004.04302002.x. 37. Chen Sh., Ravallion M. Reconciling the conflicting narratives on poverty in China // Journal of Development Economics. – 2021. – p. 102711. – doi: 10.1016/j.jdeveco.2021.102711. 38. Feng L., He Yu., Zhan P. Economic independence and living arrangements of older women with agricultural Hukou in China // China Economic Review. – 2023. – p. 102045. – doi: 10.1016/j.chieco.2023.102045. 39. You J., Niño-Zarazúa M. The intergenerational impact of China’s new rural pension scheme // Population and Development Review. – 2019. – p. 47-95. – doi: 10.1111/padr.12248. 40. Shrestha S., Joshi N.P. Impact of monetary and non-monetary benefits and costs information on youth’s preference for labor emigration in Nepal: A vignette experiment // Social Sciences amp; Humanities Open. – 2024. – p. 101091. – doi: 10.1016/j.ssaho.2024.101091. 41. Zhang Ch., Liang Ya. The impact of education level on marital satisfaction: evidence from china // Social Sciences amp; Humanities Open. – 2023. – № 1. – p. 100487. – doi: 10.1016/j.ssaho.2023.100487. 42. Ren Q., Treiman D.J. The consequences of parental labor migration in China for children’s emotional wellbeing // Social Science Research. – 2016. – p. 46-67. – doi: 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2016.03.003. 43. Cruceru A.-A. The statistical analysis of the Romanian migration phenomenon // Румынский статистический журнал. – 2010. – № 11. – p. 213. 44. Jingzhong Y., Lu P. Differentiated childhoods: impacts of rural labor migration on left-behind children in China // Journal of Peasant Studies. – 2011. – № 2. – c. 355-377. – doi: 10.1080/03066150.2011.559012. 45. Nikoloski Z., Zhang A., Hopkin G., Mossialos E. Self-reported Symptoms of Depression Among Chinese Rural-to-Urban Migrants and Left-Behind Family Members // JAMA Network Open. – 2019. – № 5. – p. e193355. – doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.3355. 46. Chetty R., Grusky D., Hell M., Hendren N., Manduca R., Narang J. The fading American dream: Trends in absolute income mobility since 1940 // Science. – 2017. – № 6336. – c. 398-406. – doi: 10.1126/science.aal4617. 47. Bai Y., Zhang L., Liu C., Shi Y., Mo D., Rozelle S. Effect of parental migration on the academic performance of left behind children in north western China // The Journal of Development Studies. – 2017. – № 7. – c. 1154-1170. – doi: 10.1080/00220388.2017.1333108. 48. Paskov M., Präg P., Richards L. Does downward social mobility make people more hostile towards immigrants? // Research in Social Stratification and Mobility. – 2020. – p. 100543. – doi: 10.1016/j.rssm.2020.100543. 49. Löbel L. Family separation and refugee mental health–A network perspective // Social Networks. – 2019. – p. 20-33. – doi: 10.1016/j.socnet.2019.08.004. 50. Wellman B., Wortley S. Different strokes from different folks: community ties and social support // American Journal of Sociology. – 1990. – № 3. – p. 558-588. – doi: 10.1086/229572. 51. Maharjan A., Bauer S., Knerr B. Do Rural Women Who Stay Behind Benefit from Male Out-migration? A Case Study in the Hills of Nepal // Gender, Technology and Development. – 2012. – № 1. – c. 95-123. – doi: 10.1177/097185241101600105.