Amidst modern challenges and threats, the issues of building economic security systems are of significant practical importance for ensuring national sovereignty and the quality of life. The article proposes an approach to designing a generalized structure of the economic security system in the unity of its conceptual, strategic and organizational and managerial components. In the research, the general scientific methods of analysis, synthesis, generalization, systematization, as well as systemic, strategic and institutional approaches were used. The five-level structure of the economic security system is substantiated. On the basis of the legislative and strategic documents of the Russian Federation, the relationship of its levels with a certain institutional element is traced. These elements are: a doctrine, a concept, a strategy, a policy and a mechanism. The characteristics of the five-level structure of the economic security system at the corporate level are revealed. The role of management in the structure of the economic security system is shown. The objective and main elements of the management and support subsystems are determined. The obtained results may be useful for the development and improvement of economic security systems and their individual components at the national, regional and corporate levels. The author sees directions for further research in the concretization of the obtained conclusions, taking into account the specifics of certain objects of economic security.