The question of justice in the global economy is becoming increasingly salient as the configuration of the world economic order undergoes a transformation and a greater degree of equilibrium emerges between developed and developing countries. The article examines the application of postcolonial theory to the study of economic features and problems of interaction between former colonial countries and their metropolises. The postcolonial theory emerged in the context of the formation of a new scientific cluster comprising predominantly former colonial country nationals, enabling them to offer a fresh perspective on the structure of international economic relations between developed and developing countries, distinct from that typically adopted by Western researchers in examining the global economy. The research methodology employed is a comprehensive review of the extant literature, undertaken through a systematic analysis and synthesis of the positions advanced by various authors. This approach enables a comparison and synthesis of the key postulates of postcolonial theory, facilitating a rigorous examination of the subject matter. The author concludes that postcolonialists are primarily critical of the modern structure of the world economy, asserting that it is oriented towards serving the interests of developed countries, while developing countries — formerly colonies — remain dependent on their former metropolises, which exhibit the characteristics of a new colonial order, or neocolonialism. The author posits that such a structure of international economic relations is unfair and necessitates restructuring so that in the modern economic order all states are represented on a more equal basis.