The article discusses the main trends of theoretical research on problems of economic security in Russian academic science of the post-Soviet period. It is shown that the scope and focus of research on the problems of economic security are clearly related to the current guidelines of economic development. A comprehensive study of the changes that have occurred in the system of challenges, risks and threats to the national security of the Russian Federation in the industrial, budgetary, financial, social and foreign policy spheres of economic relations over the past three decades is presented. Special attention is paid to the theoretical substantiation of the reasons for the formation of new challenges and threats to Russia's economic security based on the development of a global pandemic, the processes of aggravation of external sanctions pressure and the hybrid confrontation between Russia and Western countries. The actualization of the problems of ensuring the country's economic security and the need to develop its theoretical and methodological justification are substantiated. The growing importance of social and socio-political factors in the strategy of economic security of Russia as a sovereign state is analyzed; the main manifestations, trends and contradictions of this process are characterized.